BOILERS DISTILLATION ENVIRONMENTAL ION EXCHANGE MEMBRANES NANOFILTRATION PETROLEUM PRODUCED WATER REVERSE OSMOSIS STEAM

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Abstract

(In Part 1 of this article series, we reviewed oilfield produced and flowback water. For every barrel of oil, it is common for a well to have anywhere from 3 to 6 barrels of produced and flowback water. Likewise, for every 1,000 cubic feet of natural gas, an estimated 0.1 to 1 barrel of oily water is co-produced. Quite simply, these facts mean that large volumes of oilfield wastewater must be treated for reuse or disposal. The first article examined methods used to treat or dispose of this water. Methods discussed included deep well injection, evaporation ponds, produced water deoiling, biological treatment, advanced oxidation processes, softening, membranes (reverse osmosis and forward osmosis), and thermal treatments. Part 2 examines different energy exploration and production applications for these treatment methods, including: Hydraulic fracturing Oil sand mining Oil sand SAGD Coal-bed methane Coal seam gas Offshore produced water Enhanced oil recovery

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