DESALINATION GYPSUM MEMBRANES POLYMERS REVERSE OSMOSIS SCALING

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Abstract

Precipitation and inhibition of alkaline earth metal fluorides is an interesting physico-chemical process and has been the subject of intensive research (1-3). Calcium fluoride (CaF2) precipitation is of particular importance in view of its application in many industrial fields such as electronics, laser and glass manufacture, and spectroscopy. The crystallization and dissolution reactions involving calcium fluoride are of concern in wastewater treatment since fluoride is introduced into the environment as a natural impurity in ores used to produce phosphoric acid. Additionally, these residual fluoride wastes may result in supersaturated solutions leading to the formation of calcium fluoride precipitates. In oral care application, calcium fluoride plays an important role in the topical application of fluoride solutions to tooth enamel. Such treatment results in the partial transformation of hydroxyapatite, the main inorganic component of tooth enamel, to fluorapatite on the enamel surface resulting in a much caries-resistant phase.

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