GROUNDWATER ION EXCHANGE IRON PRETREATMENT

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Abstract

Iron is a common metallic element found in nature. Water percolating through soil and rocks dissolves iron present in it, which subsequently enters into groundwater. In deep wells and springs, where both oxygen and pH content tend to be low, water containing dissolved iron appears colorless. When the same water is exposed to air, the dissolved iron reacts with atmospheric oxygen and converts to yellow colored suspended particles that form a reddish-brown residue. High concentrations of iron cause reddish brown stains on laundry and household fixtures, sometimes clogs water distribution pipes, and imparts a bittersweet, or metallic taste to drinking water. The following types of iron can be found in potable water supplies: sequestering iron, organic iron (ﾓHeme ironﾔ), iron bacteria, ferric hydroxide or red water iron, and ferrous bicarbonate or clear water iron.

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