DRINKING WATER ENVIRONMENTAL MUNICIPAL WATER REUSE TROUBLESHOOTING WASTEWATER

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Abstract

This article summarizes tips for improving water and wastewater treatment systems from recent personal professional experience (1 to 10) gained primarily through projects funded by the Asian Development Bank (ADB), U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), and World Bank/ Food and Agricultural Organization (WB/FAO). By ﾓimproving,ﾔ the author means making such systems more robust, risk adverse, and responsive to regulators, consumers, and other users. The viewpoint is taken from the ﾓhardware, equipment or physical sideﾔ, and ﾓsoft, human resources, or financial side.ﾔ Tables A through C summarize the tips in terms of hard, soft, and hard and soft technology sides, respectively. A few examples are discussed throughout. Figures 1 through 3 are applicable photographs taken by the author. Figure 1 shows a large sand-filtration system that treats 66 million gallons per day (mgd) from Ottoman. It was developed from a natural grotto fresh-water spring during the wet season at Salim Lahoud-Dbaye Water Treatment Plant to supply urban Beirut, Lebanon. Figure 2 shows the Aqaba (Jordan) Wastewater Treatment Plant completed in the 1980s and upgraded several times. It treats 5.5 mgd of municipal wastewater from metropolitan Aqaba to supply effluent to irrigate golf courses, landscape areas, and medicinal herb fields. It also provides water for cooling water phosphate mining in the Dead Sea, and produces commercial quality compost. Figure 3 shows construction at pretreatment works for As-Samara (Jordan) Wastewater Treatment Plant. The plant was completed as an advanced modern build-operate-transfer (BOT) plant in 2011 to service more than 3 million people in Amman and Zarqa (40% of Jordanﾒs population). The project began from an initial very large and overloaded wastewater stabilization pond system. The new BOT plant treats 221 mgd first by pretreating metropolitan wastewater in Amman, then transporting the pretreated effluent 35-kilometers (km) horizontal distance, and 440-meter (m) elevation drop to generate electricity en route to the Dead Sea. It produces commercial quality methane and compost, and desalts a portion of its effluent to dilute its saltier effluent to make the mix suitable for crop irrigation.

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